How are premiums or discounts from notes payable recorded in financial statements?

Premiums or discounts from notes payable are recorded as adjustments to the carrying amount of the related liability on the financial statements, which is why the correct answer is that they are added to or deducted from related assets or liabilities.

When a note payable is issued at a premium, the premium is added to the face value of the liability to reflect the total amount that the company is obligated to pay back. Conversely, when a note is issued at a discount, this discount is subtracted from the face value of the liability. This treatment aligns with the accounting principle that notes payable should be reported at their amortized cost, which represents the present value of the future cash flows associated with that debt.

Recording premiums or discounts in this manner provides a clearer picture of the company’s obligations and complies with the relevant accounting standards, specifically the guidance in ASC 470 for debt instruments. Thus, this approach helps ensure that the financial statements present a true and fair view of the company's financial position.