How are unrealized gains and losses on available-for-sale securities recognized?

Unrealized gains and losses on available-for-sale securities are recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income. This treatment stems from the way available-for-sale securities are classified under generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP).

When these securities are measured at fair value, any changes in the fair value while the securities are still held (unrealized gains or losses) do not impact the net income right away. Instead, they are reported in a separate section of equity known as accumulated other comprehensive income, reflecting changes in the value of the investments without affecting the earnings until the securities are sold.

This approach allows for a clearer distinction between realized profits, which affect net income, and unrealized changes in value, which are captured in comprehensive income until realization occurs. The other choices refer to reporting methods that do not align with this classification under GAAP for available-for-sale securities.