What are common revenue sources for a university that do not have donor restrictions?

When considering common revenue sources for a university that are free from donor restrictions, the focus is on general funding sources that the institution can utilize without particular constraints imposed by donors.

The correct choice includes government aid, gifts, and endowment income, as these can often be used at the discretion of the university. Government aid, such as grants and funding, typically comes without specific requirements on how the university must spend it. Gifts that are not designated for specific projects or funds also give the institution flexibility in their use. Additionally, endowment income that is not restricted allows for broader use in support of the university's mission, such as operational expenses or general scholarships.

Other options, while comprising potential revenue sources, are frequently tied to specific conditions or limitations. For example, loans from students and government might come with stipulations for how they are to be utilized or repaid, while sales of textbooks and merchandise generally aim to generate revenue for the university but may not provide unrestricted funds. Investment income and stock market gains might also be restricted if they originate from specific endowments or projects designated by donors.

Thus, the option highlighting government aid, gifts, and endowment income emphasizes unrestricted funding sources that are vital for maintaining the operational flexibility needed by universities.