Which of the following best describes fair value?

Fair value is defined as the price to sell an asset or transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. This definition emphasizes that fair value reflects an exchange between willing buyers and sellers, rather than a distressed sale or forced transaction.

In an orderly transaction, both parties have reasonable knowledge of the relevant facts and are not under any compulsion to act. This context is critical because it ensures that the fair value measurement is based on factors that consider actual market conditions, providing a more accurate and meaningful valuation. Consequently, this approach aligns with the concepts found in accounting standards such as GAAP and IFRS.

The concept of fair value is essential for accurate financial reporting, as it allows users of financial statements to understand the current market conditions and the potential returns or risks associated with the assets and liabilities.